Neoplasia cervical e infección por virus del papiloma humano como factores de riesgo para desarrollo de cáncer anal y lesiones precursoras / Cervical neoplasia and human papilloma virus infection as risk factors for the development of anal cancer and precursor lesions

RESUMEN La incidencia del cáncer anal ha presentado un incremento en los últimos 10 años, sobre todo en población considerada vulnerable. Las mujeres con antecedentes de infección por Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) en el tracto genital, tienen mayor riesgo de este tipo de cáncer. Se ha demostrado que, la infección con genotipos de VPH de alto riesgo (AR), en la región anogenital, desempeña un papel en la etiopatogenia de dicho cáncer. Se desconocen muchos aspectos de la historia natural de las lesiones anales, pero se considera que la zona de transición anal presenta un alto recambio celular, por lo que se ha planteado un mecanismo fisiopatológico de infección por VPH-AR y desarrollo de lesiones invasoras, similar al del cáncer cervical. El objetivo de este trabajo fue mostrar el estado actual sobre la información epidemiológica que vincula el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer anal en mujeres con lesiones precursoras de cáncer cervical asociadas a la infección por VPH. La relevancia de dicha información es proporcionar una base de recomendaciones para la detección oportuna de cáncer anal en mujeres consideradas de AR de padecerlo y, favorecer la realización de estudios prospectivos en la población.

ABSTRACT The incidence of anal cancer has increased in the last 10 years, especially in the population considered to be at risk. Women with a history of infection in the genital tract by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) have higher risk of developing this type of cancer. The presence of high-risk (HR) HPV genotypes in the anogenital region has been shown to play a role in the etiopathogenesis of anal cancer. Many aspects of the natural history of anal lesions are unknown, but the anal transition zone is considered to have a high cell replacement. This is why a pathophysiological mechanism of HR-HPV infection and development of invasive lesions similar to those of cervical cancer has been suggested. The aim of this work was to show the current status of the epidemiological information that links the risk of developing anal cancer in women with cervical cancer precursor lesions associated with HPV infection. The relevance of this information is to provide a basis of recommendations for the timely detection of anal cancer in women considered to be at HR of suffering it, and to encourage more prospective studies in this population.

Identification of Human Papillomavirus genotypes in juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis. Three-year experience in a concentration hospital in Puebla, Mexico / Identificación de genotipos de Virus del Papiloma Humano en papilomatosis laríngea juvenil. Experiencia de 3 años en un hospital de concentración en Puebla, México

Background: Juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis (JLP) is a chronic benign disease from viral etiology, whose clinical course can be aggressive. In Mexico, the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes that cause this disease have been poorly studied. Objective: To identify the HPV genotypes in patients with JLP in a reference Hospital in Puebla, Mexico. Mehods: A retrospective descriptive study was performed in patients with JLP attended in a 3rd level care of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social in Puebla, México, from 2018 to 2021. Medical records were revised. In all patients, HPV identification was performed by polymerase chain reaction for genomes 6, 11, 16 and 18 using specific oligonucleotides. Descriptive statistics were applied. Results: 9 patients were included, 56% women, mean age 9.5 ±5.7 years; 7 patients were HPV-11 positive and 2 HPV-6. The mean age at diagnosis was 2.35 ±1.77 years, with an average of 12 ±11.56 surgical procedures; 5 patients were tracheostomy carriers, 4 had genotype 11; 8 patients were born vaginally, but no patient had maternal genital condylomatous lesions. In the patient born by cesarean section, transmission due to sexual abuse was documented. Conclusions: The most frequent genotypes in patients with JLP in the south-central region of Mexico are HPV-6 and HPV-11, the latter one is predominating.

Introducción: La papilomatosis laríngea juvenil (PLJ) es una enfermedad benigna crónica de etiología viral, que tiende a tomar un curso clínico agresivo. En México se han estudiado pobremente los genotipos del Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) que causan la enfermedad. Objetivo: Identificar los genotipos del VPH en los pacientes con PLJ en un hospital de concentración en Puebla, México. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo a los pacientes con papilomatosis laríngea juvenil atendidos en un hospital de 3er nivel de atención del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social en Puebla, México, en el periodo 2018-2021. Se realizó revisión de expedientes clínicos. En todos los pacientes se identificó el VPH por reacción en cadena de polimerasa para los genomas 6, 11, 16 y 18 utilizando oligonulceótidos específicos. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Se incluyeron 9 pacientes, 56% mujeres, edad media 9.5 ±5.7 años; 7 pacientes registraron positividad al VPH-11 y 2 al VPH-6. La edad media al diagnóstico fue de 2.35 ±1.77 años, con promedio de procedimientos quirúrgicos de 12 ±11.56; de los 5 pacientes portadores de traqueostomía, 4 fueron positivos a VPH-11; 8 pacientes nacieron por vía vaginal, sin embargo, en ningún caso se reportaron lesiones condilomatosas maternas. En el paciente nacido por cesárea, se documentó transmisión por abuso sexual. Conclusiones: Los genotipos más frecuentes en pacientes con PLJ en la región centro-sur de México son VPH-6 y VPH-11, predominando este último.

Dieta y riesgo de enfermedades mentales en adultos peruanos, estudio transversal / Diet and risk of mental illness in Peruvian adults, cross-sectional study

Las enfermedades mentales representan uno de los mayores problemas de salud pública. El consumo de alimentos ricos en antioxidantes como, frutas y verduras puede disminuir los factores de riesgo. Objetivo. Analizar la ingesta dietética y el riesgo de enfermedades mentales en adultos peruanos. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 393 adultos peruanos, provenientes de las tres regiones del país (costa, sierra y selva). Los datos sociodemográficos, antropométricos se obtuvieron por auto reporte mediante una ficha de registro y el riesgo de enfermedades mentales se determinó con el Cuestionario de Salud General-12 (GHQ-12). Se analizaron los datos mediante el software estadístico IBM SPSS, versión 26. Se utilizó la prueba Chi-cuadrado, considerando un nivel de significancia del 5 %. Resultados. Los participantes que informaron riesgo y presencia de enfermedades mentales reportaron un consumo inadecuado de frutas, verduras y grasas saludables. El consumo adecuado de cereales integrales, frutas y verduras fue significativamente mayor en las mujeres (p<0,05). Sin embargo, más de la mitad de las mujeres demostró estar en riesgo de enfermedades mentales respecto a los hombres (p<0,001). Conclusiones. La ingesta adecuada de alimentos saludables podría resultar beneficiosa en la reducción de los riesgos de las enfermedades mentales en este grupo de población(AU)

Mental illnesses represent one of the biggest public health problems. Consuming foods rich in antioxidants such as fruits and vegetables can lower risk factors. Objective. To analyze the dietary intake and the risk of mental illnesses in Peruvian adults. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 393 Peruvian adults, who came from the three regions of the country (coast, mountains and jungle). Sociodemographic and anthropometric data were obtained through a registration form and the risk of mental illnesses was determined using the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). The data were analyzed using the statistical software IBM SPSS, version 26. The Chi-square test was used, considering a significance level of 5%. Results. Participants who reported risk and presence of mental illness reported inadequate consumption of fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats. Adequate consumption of whole grains, fruits and vegetables was significantly higher in women (p <0.05). However, more than half of the women proved to be at risk for mental illnesses compared to men (p <0.001). Conclusions. The adequate intake of healthy foods could be beneficial in reducing the risks of mental illness in this population group(AU)q

SARS-CoV-2: generalidades, origen y avances en el tratamiento / SARS-CoV-2: basic concepts, origin and treatment advances

Resumen Los primeros casos de COVID-19, causada por el virus denominado SARS-CoV-2, se registraron en Wuhan, China, en diciembre de 2019; sin embargo, su capacidad de transmisión ocasionó que seis meses después la infección prácticamente estuviera presente en todo el mundo. El origen del virus parece ser zoonótico; se propone que proviene del murciélago y podría haber tenido un hospedero intermediario que llevó a su introducción en la población humana. SARS-CoV-2 es un virus envuelto, con genoma de ARN de cadena sencilla en sentido positivo y se ancla a la enzima convertidora de angiotensina, presente en las células susceptibles para infectar el sistema respiratorio de los humanos. Aunque previamente se han conocido otros coronavirus, no han tenido el mismo impacto, por lo que la investigación en tratamientos farmacológicos no tiene el desarrollo suficiente para afrontar el reto actual. Casi desde el comienzo de la epidemia se han propuesto moléculas para el tratamiento de la infección, sin embargo, aún no se cuenta con un fármaco con suficiente efectividad terapéutica. En esta revisión se describen las características principales de SARS-CoV-2, su ciclo replicativo, su posible origen y algunos avances en el desarrollo de tratamientos antivirales.

Abstract The first cases of COVID-19, caused by the virus called SARS-CoV-2, were recorded in Wuhan, China, in December 2019; however, its transmission ability caused for the infection to be practically present throughout the world six months later. The origin of the virus appears to be zoonotic; it has been proposed that it comes from a bat and that it may have had an intermediate host that led to its introduction in the human population. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus, with a positive single-stranded RNA genome, and it binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme, present in susceptible cells, to infect the human respiratory system. Although other coronaviruses have been previously known, they have not had the same impact, and, therefore, research on pharmacological treatments is not sufficiently developed to face the current challenge. Almost since the beginning of the epidemic, several molecules have been proposed for the treatment of infection; however, there is not yet a drug available with sufficient effectiveness for treatment. This review describes SARS-CoV-2 main characteristics, its replicative cycle, its possible origin and some advances in the development of antiviral treatments.

Molecular markers for the diagnosis of high-risk human papillomavirus infection and triage of human papillomavirus-positive women

ABSTRACT Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) increases the likelihood of developing cervical cancer (CC). A plethora of cellular processes is required to produce pre-malignant lesions, which in turn may become malignant if left untreated. Those changes are induced by viral oncoproteins, which represent an ideal target to identify the viral presence, or by some particularities of the host that ultimately promote the establishment of CC. This article describes the different methods used for HPV detection and quantification, as well as the current trend of secondary screening approaches to detect premalignant lesions and CC. In addition, we analyzed validated biomarkers and those under clinical investigation for the classification (triage) of women at risk of developing CC after an initial positive HPV test and that could be used as prognostic biomarkers for CC. The use of molecular biomarkers, together with the detection of HPV DNA sequences, provides a high impact diagnostic and prognostic tool in the detection of patients at increased risk of developing CC and also may guide their clinical management. In addition, some of those biomarkers could represent pharmacological targets for the future design of therapeutic approaches to CC treatment.

Comparison of health-related quality of life between patients with different metatarsalgia types and matched healthy controls: a cross-sectional analysis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Metatarsalgia can be considered to be a common complaint in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to compare quality of life (QoL) between participants with different metatarsalgia types and matched-paired healthy controls. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional analysis on a sample of 124 participants of median age ± interquartile range of 55 ± 22 years was carried out in the University Clinic of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, Ferrol, Spain. They presented primary (n = 31), secondary (n = 31) or iatrogenic (n = 31) metatarsalgia, or were matched-paired healthy controls (n = 31). METHODS: Self-reported domain scores were obtained using the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) and were compared between the participants with metatarsalgia and between these and the healthy controls. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were shown in all FHSQ domains (P ≤ 0.001). Post-hoc analyses showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between the metatarsalgia types in relation to the matched healthy control group, such that the participants with metatarsalgia presented impaired foot-specific and general health-related QoL (lower FHSQ scores). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that presence of metatarsalgia had a negative impact on foot health-related QoL. Foot-specific health and general health were poorer among patients with metatarsalgia, especially among those with secondary and iatrogenic metatarsalgia, in comparison with matched healthy controls.

Relaciónentre audición y cognición durante el envejecimiento: estudio de una población geriátrica de Rosario / Relationship between hearing and cognition during aging: a study of a geriatric population of Rosario / Relação entre audição e cognição durante o envelhecimento: estudo de uma população geriátrica de Rosario

Durante el envejecimiento, la pérdida de audición es considerada como uno de los problemas de salud pública más importante por su impacto sobre el bienestar físico, emocional y social de la persona, disminuyendo de manera notable la calidad de vida de quien la padece. Esto se debe a que un déficit auditivo no sólo afecta la percepción y la comprensión del habla, también condiciona el nivel de participación social. Esto último se manifiesta en una tendencia a la depresión, a la disminución de la autoestima, al aislamiento social y al aumento significativo del estrés familiar, hechos que también son observables en personas con cierto grado de demencia. Diferentes autores (Pouchain, Dupuy, San Julian et al, 2007; Lin et al. 2011; entre otros) sostienen que las dificultades en la comunicación observadas en las personas adultas mayores no sólo se deben a alteraciones en la función auditiva periférica, sino también a un deterioro de las habilidades cognitivas y de las funciones auditivas centrales. En el presente trabajo se pretende considerar la relación entre las alteraciones auditivas y el grado de deterioro cognitivo. Se han explorado 35 personas, de ambos sexos, residentes en el Hospital Geriátrico Provincial de Rosario, con edades comprendidas entre los 58 y los 90 años de edad. El estudio consistió en la evaluación de la función auditiva periférica y central y en la determinación del nivel cognitivo. En general se han observado una serie de correlaciones estadísticas que corroboran la estrecha relación entre la pérdida auditiva y el deterioro cognitivo leve durante el envejecimiento.

During ageing, hearing loss is considered to be one of the most important public health problems due to its impact on the person’s physical, emotional and social wellbeing, as it remarkably decreases the quality of life of those who suffer from it. This is because a hearing deficit not only affects speech perception and comprehension but also conditions the level of social participation. The latter aspect can be seen in a tendency towards depression, lower selfesteem, social isolation, and significant increase in family stress, all of which can also be seen in people with some degree of dementia. Different authors (Pouchain, Dupuy, San Julian et al, 2007; Lin et al. 2011; among others) consider that communication difficulties observed in old adult people are not only due to alterations in their peripheral auditory system but also to some impairment in their cognitive skills and central auditory system. In this project, the aim is to consider the relationship between hearing alterations and the degree of cognitive deterioration. 35 people, of both genders, resident in the Old People’s Provincial Hospital in Rosario, were examined. Their age ranged from 58 to 90 years old. The study consisted in assessing their peripheral and central auditory functions and determining their cognitive level. In general, a series of statistical correlations were observed that corroborate the close relationship between hearing loss and mild cognitive deterioration during ageing.

Durante o envelhecimento, a perda de audição é considerada um dos problemas de saúde pública mais importante devido ao seu impacto sobre o bem-estar físico, emocional e social da pessoa, diminuindo de maneira notável a qualidade de vida de quem a padece. Isso se deve a que um déficit auditivo não só afeta a percepção e a compreensão da fala, mas também condiciona o nível de participação social. Este último se manifesta em uma tendência à depressão, à diminuição da autoestima, ao isolamento social e ao aumento significativo do estresse familiar, fatos que também são observados em pessoas com determinado grau de demência. Diferentes autores (Pouchain, Dupuy, San Julian et al, 2007; Lin et al. 2011; entre outros) sustentam que as dificuldades na comunicação observadas nas pessoas idosas não só se devem a alterações na função auditiva periférica, mas também a uma deterioração das habilidades cognitivas e das funções auditivas centrais. No presente trabalho, pretende-se considerar a relação entre as alterações auditivas e o grau de deterioração cognitiva. Foram analisadas 35 pessoas, de ambos os sexos, residentes do Hospital Geriátrico Provincial de Rosario, com idades entre 58 e 90 anos. O estudo consistia na avaliação da função auditiva periférica e central e na determinação do nível cognitivo. No geral, foi observada uma série de correlações estatísticas que corroboram a estreita relação entre a perda auditiva e a deterioração cognitiva leve durante o envelhecimento.

The impact of glucocorticoids and anti-cd20 therapy on cervical human papillomavirus infection risk in women with systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with cervical human papillomavirus infection in women with systemic lupus erythematosus METHODS: This cross-sectional study collected traditional and systemic lupus erythematosus-related disease risk factors, including conventional and biologic therapies. A gynecological evaluation and cervical cytology screen were performed. Human papillomavirus detection and genotyping were undertaken by PCR and linear array assay. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients were included, with a mean age and disease duration of 42.5±11.8 years and 9.7±5.3 years, respectively. The prevalence of squamous intraepithelial lesions was 6.8%. The prevalence of human papillomavirus infection was 29%, with human papillomavirus subtype 59 being the most frequent. Patients with human papillomavirus were younger than those without the infection (38.2±11.2 vs. 44.2±11.5 years, respectively; p = 0.05), and patients with the virus had higher daily prednisone doses (12.8±6.8 vs. 9.7±6.7 mg, respectively; p = 0.01) and cumulative glucocorticoid doses (14.2±9.8 vs. 9.7±7.3 g, respectively; p = 0.005) compared with patients without. Patients with human papillomavirus infection more frequently received rituximab than those without (20.9% vs. 8.5%, respectively; p = 0.03). In the multivariate analysis, only the cumulative glucocorticoid dose was associated with human papillomavirus infection. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative glucocorticoid dose may increase the risk of human papillomavirus infection. Although rituximab administration was more frequent in patients with human papillomavirus infection, no association was found. Screening for human papillomavirus infection is recommended in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. .

Sialyl Lewis x expression in cervical scrapes of premalignant lesions.

Sialylated oligosaccharides of glycoproteins and glycolipids have been implicated in tumour progression and metastases. Altered expression of glycosidic antigens has been reported in cervical cancer. In cervix premalignant lesions, an increased expression of sialic acid has been reported. In the present study we determined the expression profiles of the glycosidic antigens Tn, sialyl Tn (sTn), Lewis a (Lea), sialyl Lewis a (sLea), Lewis x (Lex) and sialyl Lewis x (sLex) in cervical scrapes with cytological diagnoses of normal, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL) and highgrade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HGSIL). Cervical scrapings were collected to detect tumour antigens expressions by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. Cytometry analysis of Tn, sTn, Lea and Lex did not reveal differences at the expression level among groups. The number of positive cells to sLea antigen increased in the HGSIL group with respect to the normal group (p=0.0495). The number of positive cells to sLex antigen in the samples increased with respect to the grade of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) (p<0.001, Mann–Whitney U test). The intensity of expression of this antigen increased in the HGSIL samples with respect to normal samples (p<0.0068). sLex antigen could be a candidate to be used as biomarker for the early diagnosis of cervical cancer.

Characterization of P1 promoter activity of the β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase I gene (siat 1) in cervical and hepatic cancer.

The level of β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal I) mRNA, encoded by the gene siat1, is increased in malignant tissues. Expression is regulated by different promoters – P1, P2 and P3 – generating three mRNA isoforms H, X and YZ. In cervical cancer tissue the mRNA isoform H, which results from P1 promoter activity, is increased. To study the regulation of P1 promoter, different constructs from P1 promoter were evaluated by luciferase assays in cervical and hepatic cell lines. Deletion of a fragment of 1048 bp (−89 to +24 bp) increased 5- and 3-fold the promoter activity in C33A and HepG2 cell lines, respectively. The minimal region with promoter activity was a 37 bp fragment in C33A cells. The activity of this region does not require the presence of an initiator sequence. In HepG2 cells the minimal promoter activity was detected in the 66 bp fragment. Sp1 (−32) mutation increased the promoter activity only in HepG2 cells. HNF1 mutation decreased promoter activity in HepG2 cell line but not in C33A cells. We identified a large region that plays a negative regulation role. The regulation of promoter activity is cell type specific. Our study provides new insights into the complex transcriptional regulation of siat1 gene.

Transcription of interferon stimulated genes in response to porcine rubulavirus infection in vitro

Porcine rubulavirus (PoRV) is an emerging virus causing meningo-encephalitis and reproductive failures in pigs. Little is known about the pathogenesis and immune evasion of this virus; therefore research on the mechanisms underlying tissue damage during infection is essential. To explore these mechanisms, the effect of PoRV on the transcription of interferon (IFN) pathway members was analyzed in vitro by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Ten TCID50 of PoRV stimulated transcription of IFNá, IFNâ, STAT1, STAT2, p48 and OAS genes in neuroblastoma cells, whereas infection with 100 TCID50 did not stimulate transcription levels more than non-infected cells. When the cells were primed with IFNá, infection with 1 TCDI50 of PoRV sufficed to stimulate the transcription of the same genes, but 10 and 100 TCID50 did not modify the transcription level of those genes as compared with non-infected and primed controls. MxA gene transcription was observed only when the cells were primed with IFNá and stimulated with 10 TCID50, whereas 100 TCID50 of PoRV did not modify the MxA transcription level as compared to non-infected and primed cells. Our results show that PoRV replication at low titers stimulates the expression of IFN-responsive genes in neuroblastoma cells, and suggest that replication of PoRV at higher titers inhibits the transcription of several members of the IFN pathway. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of PoRV.

Incidencia de amígdalas hipertróficas: programa de salud escolar 2006 – 2007. Hospital León Becerra de Milagro / Incidence of hypertrophic tonsils: school health program from 2006 to 2007. León Becerra Hospital in Milagro

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo en el hospital “León Becerra”, del cantón Milagro durante el programa de Salud Escolar. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de amígdalas hipertróficas en pacientes entre 5 y 11 años, asintomáticos. Materiales y métodos: se escogió 4 escuelas donde se estudió a 1.219 niños, de los cuales 187 presentaban un crecimiento exagerado de las amígdalas, sin sintomatología. Se les realizó a cada uno de los pacientes: historia clínica y examen; biometría hemática completa (BHC), antiestreptolisina o (ASTO) y proteína C reactiva (PCR). Resultados: la frecuencia de esta patología corresponde al 15%.No depende del género. El 71% de los niños estudiados presentan algún grado de deficiencia nutricional. El 78% tiene antecedente de amigdalitis a repetición.

A prospective, descriptive study was performed at the "León Becerra" hospital in Milagro Canton during the School Health program. Objective: to determine the frequency of hypertrophic tonsils in asymptomatic patients between 5 and 11 years old. Materials and methods: we chose 4 schools where 1,219 children were studied, out of which 187 had an overgrowth of the tonsils, without symptoms. Medical history and examination, complete blood count (BHC), antistreptolysin O (ASTO) and C reactive protein (CRP) were made to each patient. Results: the prevalence of this disease is 15%. It does not depend on gender. 71% of the children studied presented some degree of nutritional deficiency. 78% have a history of recurrent tonsillitis.

Human papillomavirus infection in women from Tlaxcala, Mexico

Cervical cancer is an important health problem in women living in developing countries. Infection with some genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important risk factor associated with cervical cancer. Little information exists about HPV genotype distribution in rural and suburban regions of Mexico. Thus, we determined the prevalence of HPV genotypes in women from Tlaxcala, one of the poorest states in central Mexico, and we evaluated age infection prevalence and risk factors associated with cervical neoplasm. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 236 women seeking gynecological care at the Mexican Institute for Social Security in Tlaxcala, Mexico. Cervical scrapings were diagnosed as normal, low-grade, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL, HGSIL). Parallel samples were used to detect HPV genotypes by PCR assays using type-specific primers for HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, and 31. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied. Prevalence of HPV infection was 31.3 percent. From the infected samples, prevalence of HPV 16 was 45.9 percent; HPV 18, 31.1 percent; HPV 31, 16.2 percent; HPV 6, 10.8 percent; HPV 11, 6.7 percent. With regard to age, the highest HPV prevalence (43.5 percent) was found in the 18- to 24-year-old group and the lowest (19 percent) in the 45- to 54-year-old group. None of the risk factors showed association with cervical neoplasia grade. HPV 16 was the most common in cervical lesions. HPV was present in 22 percent of normal samples and, of these, 82.6 percent represented high-risk HPVs. Tlaxcala showed HPV prevalence comparable to that of the largest cities in Mexico, with higher prevalence for HPV 31.

Estandarización de un método de detección molecular del virus influenza (H5N1) de alta patogenicidad / Standardization of a molecular detection method of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1)

El virus de la influenza aviar H5N1 de alta patogenicidad mantiene el alerta mundial debido a su potencial zoonótico y pandémico. Surge entonces la necesidad de contar con herramientas para la detección temprana y de esta forma reducir el impacto potencial a la salud humana y animal. En este estudio se estandarizó un método de detección molecular de los genes de la matriz (M), hemaglutinina (H5) y neuraminidasa (N1) del virus de la influenza aviar H5N1 de alta patogenicidad de linaje asiático, mediante transcripción-reversa y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RRT-PCR). A partir de un ARN viral de referencia cepa A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) se construyeron controles positivos mediante clonación de productos de PCR. Los estándares de naturaleza plasmídica se emplearon en la obtención de curvas estándar para determinar los límites de detección de la técnica. La sensibilidad observada para todos los genes analizados fue de 10² copias de ADN/μL. Las curvas mostraron una eficiencia superior al 90%, y R²>0,99. Este método puede ser útil en las campañas de monitoreo del virus en aves migratorias, así como para el tamizaje de muestras clínicas de humanos, en una emergencia de salud.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) H5N1 is a global threat due to its zoonotic and pandemic potential. Then, concern arises and the need to have early detection tools to minimize the impact on human and animal health. In this work, a molecular detection method was implemented to detect matrix (M), hemagglutinin (H5) and neuraminidase (N1) genes of HPAI avian influenza virus H5N1, based on real time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR). Positive controls were constructed from reference RNA viral A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1), cloned into plasmidic vectors and sequenced. Assay detection sensitivity was assessed with standard curves for each gene. Assay sensitivity was 10² DNA copies/μl in all cases. Curves showed amplification efficiency higher than 90% and R²>0.99. This method could be useful for bird monitoring campaigns and as a screening procedure for clinical samples.

Enhanced sialyltransferases transcription in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Altered sialylation observed during oncogenic transformation, tumor metastases and invasion, has been associated with enhanced sialyltransferases (STs) transcription. Increased mRNA expression of STs (ST6Gal I, ST3Gal III) has been detected in invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma. A study of the sialic acid concentration in local tissue of cervix and in serum showed a slight elevation in benign inflammatory lesions and a moderate elevation in severe neoplasia, but to date, altered expression of STs in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia has not yet been evaluated. This study investigates the changes in mRNA expression of three STs (ST6Gal I, ST3Gal III, and ST3Gal IV) in cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN). Alterations of these STs mRNA expression were examined in 35 cervix specimens classified as normal, CIN 1, CIN 2 and CIN 3, by semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. mRNA expression of the three STs was enhanced in CIN 1, CIN 2 and CIN 3 with respect to normal tissue, with a significant difference of p < 0.001 (Mann-Whitney U test) for all the enzymes. Our results suggest that altered expression of ST3Gal III, ST3Gal IV and ST6Gal I in CIN could play an important role during malignant transformation and could be related with the enhanced sialic acid expression detected in neoplasic tissues.

La sialilación alterada que se ha detectado durante la transformación maligna, en los tumores con invasión y metástasis ha sido asociada con un incremento en la transcripción de sialiltransferasas (STs). En carcinoma escamoso cervical invasor ha sido detectado un incremento en la expresión del ARNm de STs (ST3Gal III y ST6Gal I). Un estudio realizado en muestras de cérvix mostró un ligero incremento en la expresión de ácido siálico en lesiones inflamatorias benignas y un incremento moderado en neoplasia severa, con respecto al tejido normal, sin embargo, a la fecha la expresión alterada de STs en la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical no ha sido evaluada. Este estudio tuvo como finalidad investigar los cambios en el nivel de transcripción de tres STs (ST3Gal III, ST3Gal IV y ST6Gal I) en la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC). Para ello se analizaron 35 biopsias de cérvix clasificadas como: normal, NIC 1, NIC 2 y NIC 3, mediante ensayos semicuantitativos de RT-PCR. El nivel de transcripción de las tres STs se incrementó en las muestras con diagnóstico de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical con respecto al tejido normal, con una diferencia significativa de p < 0.001 (Mann-Whitney U test) para todas las enzimas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la expresión alterada de las STs: ST3Gal III, ST3Gal IV y ST6Gal I, en la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical puede tener un papel importante durante la transformación maligna y estar relacionada con los incrementos en la expresión de ácido siálico detectado en tejido con neoplasia cervical.

Structure-function analysis of two variants of mumps virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein

A point mutation from guanine (G) to adenine (A) at nucleotide position 1081 in the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene has been associated with neurovirulence of Urabe AM9 mumps virus vaccine. This mutation corresponds to a glutamic acid (E) to lysine (K) change at position 335 in the HN glycoprotein. We have experimentally demonstrated that two variants of Urabe AM9 strain (HN-A1081 and HN-G1081) differ in neurotropism, sialic acidbinding affinity and neuraminidase activity. In the present study, we performed a structure-function analysis of that amino acid substitution; the structures of HN protein of both Urabe AM9 strain variants were predicted. Based on our analysis, the E/K mutation changes the protein surface properties and to a lesser extent their conformations, which in turn reflects in activity changes. Our modeling results suggest that this E/K interchange does not affect the structure of the sialic acid binding motif; however, the electrostatic surface differs drastically due to an exposed short alpha helix. Consequently, this mutation may affect the accessibility of HN to substrates and membrane receptors of the host cells. Our findings appear to explain the observed differences in neurotropism of these vaccine strains.

Caracterización biológica de tres aislamientos naturales del Rubulavirus porcino (México)

Biological characterization of three natural isolates of the porcine rubulavirus (Mexico). Porcine rubulavirus (PoRV) produces a neurological and reproductive syndrome in pigs called the blue-eye disease, known only from Mexico. Several isolates were grouped by the main symptoms presented during outbreaks: a) neurotropic in piglets, b) broadly neurotropic in piglets and gonadotropic in adults, and c) gonadotropic in adults. We studied some biological properties of three strains, which fall in one of each virus group: La Piedad Michoacán (LPM) and Producción Animal Cerdos 1 (PAC1) and 3 (PAC3), respectively. The analyzed viral properties are mainly related with the trans-membrane hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) proteins, such as cytopathic effect, hemolysis, hemagglutinating (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) activities. In the infection assays PAC1 strain presented the highest fusogenicity level; however, the most cytolytic strain was PAC3. In addition, HA and NA activities and viral genome of PAC3 strain was detected in supernatants during cell infection earlier than in the other two strains, which shows that PAC3 virions release from the host cell earlier than LPM and PAC1. Experimental determination in purified viruses shows that PAC3 presented a higher HA and NA activities; however, PAC1 shows other interesting properties, such as a high thermostability of HN and differences about substrate profile respect to LPM and PAC3. Our data suggest that NA activity is associated with the virulence of RVP. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (2): 487-499. Epub 2008 June 30.

El Rubulavirus porcino causa un síndrome neurológico y reproductivo en cerdos, hasta ahora reportado sólo en México. Los virus aislados se agrupan de acuerdo con los síntomas principales observados durante los brotes en: a) neutrópicos en lechones, b) neurotrópicos en lechones/gonadotrópicos en adultos y c) gonadotrópicos en adultos. En este trabajo se estudiaron tres cepas: La Piedad Michoacán (LPM) y Producción Animal "Cerdos" 1 (PAC1) y 3 (PAC3), ubicadas respectivamente en cada grupo. Las propiedades estudiadas se relacionan principalmente con dos proteínas de la envoltura viral, la hemaglutinina-neuraminidasa (HN) y la proteína de fusión (F). Se cuantificaron el efecto citopático y las actividades de hemólisis, hemaglutinación (HA) y neuraminidasa (NA). En cultivo celular la cepa PAC1 presentó una mayor actividad fusogénica, sin embargo PAC3 presentó la mayor actividad citolítica. La cepa PAC3 fue la primera en ser detectada en sobrenadante de células infectadas (HA, NA y genoma), lo que muestra que sus viriones son liberados al medio antes que las otras dos cepas. PAC3 tuvo las actividades más altas de HA y NA, sin embargo, PAC1 presentó una mayor termoestabilidad en estas actividades de HN y un perfil de substrato algo distinto de los observados para LPM y PAC3. Estos datos sugieren que la actividad de NA está relacionada con la virulencia del RVP.

Estudio descriptivo sobre los desenlaces de las terapias de lenguaje, según los factores de pronóstico identificables, en pacientes adultos portadores de sindromes neurolinguísticos entre 1980 y 1994 / Description study about the denouement of the therapies of language, according to the factors of pronostic identificables in adults patients carriers of sindromes neurolinguistics between 1980 and 1994

El presente estudio es un trabajo de investigación de tipo descriptivo, transversal, retrospectivo y de diseño observacional. Sus objetivos son: . Constatar la relación existente entre el interjuego de los distintos factores mque intervienen en la recuperación del paciente afásico adulto y el tipo de desenlace de las terapias lingüísticas. . Identificar etiologías de los sindromes neurolingüísticos y su relación con las indicaciones terapeúticas suministradas por las fuentes de derivación. Describir la situación laboral de aquellos pacientes rehabilitados. Para determinar la población de estudio, se observaron 100 historias clínicas pertenecientes a pacientes adultos portadores de sindromes neurolingüísticos, provenientes de la práctica privada de la Dra. N.G.Geromini (período 1980-1994), de las cuales se seleccionaron aquellas que contaban con los datos requeridos para estos trabajo, es decir, 63. Como conclusión se ha arribado a que: . Las indicaciones administradas a los pacientes en relación on la prescripción o no de efectuar tratamiento de lenguaje dependieron significativamente de las etiologías de los sindromes neurolingüísticos, registrándose la mayor frecuencia de prescripción para los sindromes estables (ACV) y siendo casi nula la existencia de indicación de la terapia lingüística para los sindromes de etiología trófica y degenerativa...